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Common European Framework of

Reference for Languages (CEFR)

One of the aims of the Common European Framework (CEFR) is to describe the
levels of proficiency required by existing standards, tests and examinations in
order to facilitate comparisons between different systems of qualifications. For this
purpose the CEFR Levels have been developed. The table below summarises the set
of proposed CEFR Levels in single holistic paragraphs and provides teachers and
curriculum planners with orientation points.

CEFR LEVELS: Global Scale

C2 Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarise
information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments
Proficient User C1 complex situations.
and accounts in a coherent presentation. Can express himself/herself spontaneously,
very fluently and precisely, differentiating finer shades of meaning even in more

Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit
meaning. Can express himself/herself fluently and spontaneously without much
obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for
social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured,
detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational
patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.

B2 Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract
Independent User B1 speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed
topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact
with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native

text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving
the advantages and disadvantages of various options.

Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly
encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to
arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple
connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. Can describe
experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and
explanations for opinions and plans.

A2 Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most References
immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping,
local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks
Basic User A1 matters. Can describe in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate
requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine

environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases
aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce himself/herself
and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where
he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple
way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.

Throughout this catalogue, the correspondence of MM Publications books
to the CEFR is presented in order to facilitate teachers.
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